@codewytch the Verge article is old, but the explanation of federation specifically is not outdated: https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/7/15183128/mastodon-open-source-twitter-clone-how-to-use
if you'd prefer something SUPER TECHNICAL, you can actually look at the spec of activitypub, the current-generation protocol that the fediverse uses http://activitypub.rocks/