> Was Neptune the thirteenth planet known in the solar system?
Amazingly, the answer is both yes and no. By the time of the discov-
ery of Neptune, in late 1846, astronomers had had forty years to
digest the earlier discoveries of Vesta, Juno, Ceres, and Pallas, the
alleged eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh planets in the solar sys-
tem. Then, less than a year before the discovery of Neptune, a fifth
trans-Martian object and the twelfth planet, Astraea, had been
found. Thus, when Neptune was discovered in late 1846, it took its
place in line as the thirteenth planet. Yet, by 1847 William Her-
schelβs decades-old suggestion that the trans-Martian objects are
minor planets, or asteroids, and not major planets, took hold. In the
minds of many, 1847 was a watershed year during which Ceres, Pal-
las, Juno, Vesta, and Astraea were reclassified as asteroids. Neptune
moved up in line: it was both the thirteenth planet, including major
and minor planets, and the eighth major planet.
doi:10.1515/9781400852970-009
"Neptune, the thirteenth planet", Chapter 8 of "Is Pluto a Planet? β
A Historical Journey through the Solar System" by David A. Weintraub